【注释】 [1] Cameron Hepburn. Regulation by Prices, Quantities, or Both: A Review of Instrument Choice[J]. Oxford review of economic policy, 2006, 22(2): 228-240；Edward L.Glaeser, Andrei Shleifer, A Reason for Quantity Regulation, The American Economic Review[J], 2001, 91(2): 431-435; Christian Iaione, The Tragedy Of Urban Roads: Saving Cities From Choking, Calling On Citizens To Combat Climate Change[J].Fordham Urban Law Journal, 2010, 37: 889-949.

　　[2] Louis Kaplow and Steven Shavell "On the Superiority of Corrective Taxes to Quantity Regulation”(2002), 4 American Law and Economic Review 1, 1.

　　[3] Martin L. Weitzman, Prices vs Quantities[J].the Review of Economic Studies, 1974, 41(4): 477491；Baumol, William J., and Wallace E. Oates.1971."The Use of Standards and Prices for Protection of the Environment."73 Swedish Journal of Economics 42-54.

　　[4] Jonathan Remy Nash, Economic Efficiency versus Public Choice: The Case of Property Rights in Road Traffic Management. Boston College Law Review, Vol.49, 2008, 674-676.

　　[5] Lewis M. Fulton, Robert B. Noland, Daniel J. Meszler & John V. Thomas, A Statistical Analysis of Induced Travel Effects in the U.S. Mid-Atlantic Region (2000), 3 J. TRANSP.& STAT.1, 13.

　　[6] Cameron Hepburn. Regulation by Prices, Quantities, or Both: A Review of Instrument Choice[J].Oxford review of economic policy, 2006, 22(2): 228-240；Edward L.Glaeser, Andrei Shleifer, A Reason for Quantity Regulation, The American Economic Review[J], 2001, 91(2): 431-435; Christian Iaione, The Tragedy Of Urban Roads: Saving Cities From Choking, Calling On Citizens To Combat Climate Change[J].Fordham Urban Law Journal, 2010, 37: 889-949.

　　[7] See S. Breyer, Regulation and its Reform (1982), 23-26.

　　[8]参见维基百科英文版，https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_good.(最后访问时间：2017年7月30日)。

　　[9]“搭便车者”(英文为“free-rider”)现象在经济学上是指因为一些需求方对资源、货物或服务的使用无需付费而导致需求方过多需求及供给方缺少动力供给，最终导致供给不足或没有供给的情况出现。参见维基百科英文版，https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-rider_problem.(最后访问时间：2017年7月30日)。

　　[10] Tirza S. Wahrman, Breaking the Logjam: The Peak Pricing of Congested Urban Roadways Under the Clean Air Act to Improve Air Quality and Reduce Vehicle Miles Traveled[J]. DUKE ENVTL. L.& POL'Y F, 1998, 8(2): 181-82.

　　[11] M H Schuitema, Road Pricing as a Solution to the Harms of Traffic Congestion, 34 TRANSP. L. J.(2007), 84-92.

　　[12] Shi-Ling Hsu. A Two-Dimensional Framework for Analyzing Property Rights Regimes[J]. U.C. DAVIS L.REV, 2003, 36: 838.

　　[13] Garrett Hardin, The Tragedy of the Commons, 162 Science 1243(1968).

　　[14] Jonathan Remy Nash, Economic Efficiency versus Public Choice: The Case of Property Rights in Road Traffic Management. Boston College Law Review, Vol.49, 2008, 691.

　　[15] Jonathan Remy Nash, Economic Efficiency versus Public Choice: The Case of Property Rights in Road Traffic Management. Boston College Law Review, Vol.49, 2008, 691.

　　[16] Cameron Hepburn, Regulation by Prices, Quantities, or Both: A Review of Instrument Choice[J].Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 2006, 22(2): 228-240.

　　[17]效用在此指对资源使用的满意程度。

　　[18] Jonathan Baert Wiener. Global Environmental Regulation: Instrument Choice in Legal Context[J]. Yale Law Journal, 1999, 108: 714-715; Charles Komanoff, Pollution Taxes for Roadway Transportation, 12 PACE ENVTL. L. REV.121, 129(1994).

　　[19] Cameron Hepburn, Regulation by Prices, Quantities, or Both: a Review of Instrument Choice[J]. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 2006, 22(2): 228-240.

　　[20] Cameron Hepburn, Regulation by Prices, Quantities, or Both: a Review of Instrument Choice[J]. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 2006, 22(2): 228-240.

　　[21] Jonathan R. Nash, Economic Efficiency versus Public Choice: The Case of Property Rights in Road Traffic Management. Boston College Law Review, Vol.49, 2008, 676.

　　[22] Jonathan R. Nash, Economic Efficiency versus Public Choice: The Case of Property Rights in Road Traffic Management. Boston College Law Review, Vol.49, 2008, 676.

　　[23] Jonathan R. Nash, Framing Effects and Regulatory Choice, 82 Notre Dame L. Rev.313(2006), 314-371.

　　[24] Peter M. Jones, Road Pricing: The Public Viewpoint, in ROAD PRICING: THEORY, EMPIRICAL ASSESSMENT AND POLICY (B?rje Johansson & Lars-G?ran Mattsson eds., 1995)，159.

　　[25] Cameron Hepburn. Regulation by Prices, Quantities, or Both: A Review of Instrument Choice[J].Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 2006, 22(2): 228-240.

　　[26] Edward L.Glaeser, Andrei Shleifer, A Reason for Quantity Regulation, The American Economic Review[J], 2001, 91(2): 431-435.

　　[27] D. Helm, ‘Economic Instruments and Environmental Policy’(2005), Economic and Social Review, 36(3), 205-228.

　　[28]参见维基百科英文版，https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framing_effect_(psychology).(最后访问时间：2017年7月30日)。

　　[29] Jonathan R. Nash, Framing Effects and Regulatory Choice, 82 Notre Dame L. Rev.313(2006), 371.

　　[30]《北京市小客车数量调控暂行规定》第3条。

　　[31]《上海市非营业性客车额度拍卖管理规定》第2、13条。

　　[32]参见“上海逾26万人参与车牌拍卖均价破9万元创新高”，中国新闻网，http://news.21cn.com/caiji/roll1/a/2017/0722/15/32524661.shtml.(最后访问时间：2017年7月26日)。

　　[33] Yii Der Lew & Wai Yan Leong, Managing Congestion in Singapore--A Behavioral Economics Perspective, Journeys, May 2009, at 15.

　　[34] Levinson A, Shetty S. Efficient environmental regulation: case studies in urban air pollution in Los Angeles, Mexico City, Cubatao and Ankara [R]. World Development Report, 1992；Eskeland, G S, Feyzioglu T. Rationing can backfire: the "day without a car" in Mexico City [J]. World Bank Economic Review, 1997, 11(3): 383-408；Goddard H C. Using tradable permits to achieve sustainability in the world's large cities: policy design issues and efficiency conditions for controlling vehicle emissions, congestion and urban decentralization with an application to Mexico City [J]. Environmental and Resource Economics, 1997, 10(1): 63-99.

　　[35]赵峰侠、徐明、齐晔：《北京市汽车限行的环境和经济效益分析》，载《生态环境》2010年第12期。

　　[36]首都之窗，http://zhengwu.beijing.gov.cn/gzdt/bmdt/t1466301.htm.(最后访问时间：2017年7月22日)。

　　[37] M H Schuitema, Road Pricing as a Solution to the Harms of Traffic Congestion, 34 T RANSP.L.J.(2007), 84-92.

　　[38] Federal Highway Administration, “Transportation and Global Climate Change: A Review and Analysis of Literature”(1998), 34.

　　[39] Christian Iaione.The Tragedy Of Urban Roads: Saving Cities From Choking, Calling On Citizens To Combat Climate Change[J].Fordham Urban Law Journal, 2010, 37: 919.

　　[40] Schwartz, Sam and Kim, Jee Mee and Soffian, Gerard and Weinstock, Annie, A Comprehensive Transportation Policy for the 21st Century: A Case Study of Congestion Pricing in New York City. NYU Environmental Law Journal, Vol.17, No.1, 2008, 605.

　　[41]详见首都之窗，http://zhengwu.beijing.gov.cn/gzdt/bmdt/t1466301.htm.(最后访问时间：2017年7月22日)。

　　[42] Schwartz, Sam and Kim, Jee Mee and Soffian, Gerard and Weinstock, Annie, A Comprehensive Transportation Policy for the 21st Century: A Case Study of Congestion Pricing in New York City. NYU Environmental Law Journal, Vol.17, No.1, 2008, 604-605.

　　[43] Schwartz, Sam and Kim, Jee Mee and Soffian, Gerard and Weinstock, Annie, A Comprehensive Transportation Policy for the 21st Century: A Case Study of Congestion Pricing in New York City. NYU Environmental Law Journal, Vol.17, No.1, 2008, 604-605.

　　[44]《北京市发展和改革委员会关于调整本市非居住区停车场白天收费标准的函》(京发改[2010]第2222号)。

　　[45]百度百科，https: //baike.baidu.com/item/公交车专用道/9691939.(最后访问时间：2017年6月28日)。

　　[46]“京藏高速公交专用道启用后公交车司机根本不敢提速”，人民网，http://bj.people.com.cn/n2/2016/1106/c82840-29262793.html.(最后访问时间：2017年6月26日)。

　　[47]“首条多乘员车道今起将正式执法”，法制网，http://www.legaldaily.com.cn/locality/content/2016-08/01/content_6744239.htm?node=35310.(最后访问时间：2017年6月26日)。

　　[48]“首条多乘员车道今起将正式执法”，法制网，http://www.legaldaily.com.cn/locality/content/2016-08/01/content_6744239.htm?node=35310.(最后访问时间：2017年6月26日)。

　　[49]“北京首条环线公交专用道被指‘公交少’，城市管理如何精细化？”，新华网，http://news.xin /politics/2016-10/17/c_1119734577.htm.(最后访问时间：2017年6月26日)。

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