【注释】 作者简介：楼秋然，中国政法大学民商经济法学院民商法专业2015级博士研究生。

*本文系中华人民共和国科技部课题项目“创新驱动发展法律法规体系研究”（项目编号：ZLY2015041）的阶段性成果。

[1]参见赵秋丽、李志臣：《全国“专车第一案”济南公开审理》，《光明日报》2015年4月17日第8版。

[2]参见《专家：网约车只是部分合法化还待看下半场》，http://finance.sina.com.cn/roll/2016-08-21/doc-ifxvcsrm2040348.shtml?t=1471734481883，2016年10月10日访问。

[3]参见《多个城市发布网约车管理细则抬高准入门槛》，http://news.cnstock.com/news/sns_bwkx/201610/3914723.htm，2016年10月10日访问。

[4]参见《北京网约出租车将数量管控建立总量动态调整机制》，http://news.ifeng.com/a/20161008/50070594_0.shtml，2016年10月10日访问。

[5]Family Of Girl Killed In SF Crosswalk Suing Uber For Wrongful Death, CBS SF BAY AREA (Jan.27,2014,4:13 PM), http://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2014/01/27/family-of-girl-killed-in-sf-crosswalk-suing-uber-for-wrongful-death/, archived at http://perma.cc/G3XE-5TJK.

[6]See Carlos Sun, Praveen Edara, Is Getting An Uber-Lyft From A Sidecar Different From Hailing A Taxi?: Current Dynamic Ridesharing Controversy,2536 Transportation Research Record 60,61(2015).

[7]See generally Masabumi Furuhata, Maged Dessouky, Fernando Ordonez, Marc-Etienne Brunet, Xiaoqing Wang, Sven Koenig, Ridesharing: The State Of The Art And Future Directions,57 Transportation Research Part B 28,31-32(2013).因所欲讨论的问题不完全一致，笔者于本文中对“位置要素”的论述与此文内容并非完全一致。

[8]See Judd Cramer, Alan B. Krueger, Disruptive Change In The Taxi Business: The Case Of Uber,106(5) American Economic Review: Paper & Proceedings 177,177(2016).

[9]See Carlos Sun, Praveen Edara, Is Getting An Uber-Lyft From A Sidecar Different From Hailing A Taxi?: Current Dynamic Ridesharing Controversy,2536 Transportation Research Record 60,62-63(2015).

[10]See Jeremy P. Toner, The Welfare Effects Of Taxicab Regulation In English Towns,40 Economic Analysis And Policy 299,299(2010).

[11]See Edwin A. Pratt, A History Of Inland Transport And Communication In England, K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., Ltd.,1992, pp.12,39-40.

[12]See Edwin A. Pratt, A History Of Inland Transport And Communication In England, K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., Ltd.,1992, pp.62-63.

[13]See Rebecca Elaine Elliott, Sharing App Or Regulation Hack (ney)?: Defining Uber Technologies, Inc.,41 The Journal Of Corporation Law 727,731(2016).

[14]History, Taxi Of Tomorrow, http://www.nyc.gov/html/media/totweb/taxioftomorrow_history.html,2016年10月10日访问。

[15]See generally Hannah A. Posen, Ridesharing In The Sharing Economy: Should Regulators Impose Uber Regulations On Uber?,101 Iowa Law Review 405,408-411(2015).以下关于大萧条对美国出租车监管图景改变的内容若无特别引注，均出自此文。

[16]See Rebecca Elaine Elliott, Sharing App Or Regulation Hack (ney)?: Defining Uber Technologies, Inc.,41 The Journal Of Corporation Law 727,731(2016).

[17]美国出租车监管中的准入控制主要体现为一种被称为“Medallion”的数量控制。See Bruce Schaller, Entry Controls In Taxi Regulation: Implications Of US And Canadian Experience For Taxi Regulation And Deregulation,14 Transport Pol’y 490,490(2007).

[18]See Glen Harlan Reynolds, Regulators Wreck Innovation: Column, U.S.A. TODAY (June 10,2014,1:53 PM), http://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2014/06/09/uber-lyft-taxi-transportation-regulators-column/10198131/，2016年10月11日访问。该文分析了出租车行业的监管者是如何因“俘获”而从行业的监管者变身为该行业既得利益群体的代言人的。

[19]See Rebecca Elaine Elliott, Sharing App Or Regulation Hack (ney)?: Defining Uber Technologies, Inc.,41 The Journal Of Corporation Law 727,737-738(2016).

[20]See Jonathan V. Hall & Alan B. Kreuger, An Analysis Of The Labor Market For Uber’s Driver- Partners In The United States (Jan.22,2015), https://s3.amazonaws.com/uber-static/comms/PDF/Uber_Driver-Partners_Hall_Kreuger_2015.pdf, at 23.

[21]See O’Conner v. Uber Technologies, Inc, No. C-13-3826 EMC,2015 WL 1069092(N.D. Cal. Mar.11,2015).本文以下关于该案的内容若无特别引注，均出自此文。

[22]See Andrew, What Does A Typical New York UberX Partner Earn In A Week? UBER NEWSROOM (Dec.1,2014),https://newsroom.uber.com/nyc/?s=What+Does+a+Typical+New+York+UberX+Partner+Earn+in+a+Week，2016年10月11日访问；Maya Kosoff, Uber Drivers Speak Out: We’re Making A Lot Less Money Than Uber Is Telling People, BUS. INSIDER (Oct.29,2014,8:54 AM), http://www.businessinsider.com/uber-drivers-say-theyre-making-less-than-minimum-wage-2014-10，2016年10月11日访问。

[23]See Jonathan V. Hall & Alan B. Kreuger, An Analysis Of The Labor Market For Uber’s Driver- Partners In the United States (Jan.22,2015), https://s3.amazonaws.com/uber-static/comms/PDF/ Uber_Driver-Partners_Hall_Kreuger_2015.pdf, at 10.

[24]See Henry Ross, Ridesharing’s House Of Cards: O’Connor v. Uber Technologies, Inc. And The Viability Of Unber’s Labor Model In Washington,90 Washington Law Review 1431,1438-1441(2015).

[25]See Gary Bolton, Ben Greiner, Axel Ockenfels, Engineering Trust: Reciprocity In The Production Of Reputation Information,59 Management Science 265,265-285(2013).

[26]See Eric T. Anderson, Duncan I. Simester, Reviews Without A Purchase: Low Ratings, Loyal Customers, And Deception,51 Journal Of Marketing Research 249,249-269(2014).

[27]See Carlos Sun, Praveen Edara, Is Getting An Uber-Lyft From A Sidecar Different From Hailing A Taxi?: Current Dynamic Ridesharing Controversy,2536 Transportation Research Record 60,65(2015).

[28]See Rebecca Elaine Elliott, Sharing App Or Regulation Hack (ney)?: Defining Uber Technologies, Inc.,41 The Journal Of Corporation Law 727,746(2016).

[29]See O’Keefe Brian, Jones Marty, Uber’s Tax Shell Game,172 Fortune 114,114-124(2015).

[30]See Madara Matthew R, Uber Could See Tax Consequences From Worker Classification Suit,151 Tax Notes 1166,1167(2016).

[31]See ValueWalk: Why Doesn't Uber Pay Tax?(2014).. Chatham: Newstex. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.proxy.library.cornell.edu/docview/1641763391?accountid=10267，2016年10月12日访问。

[32]See Mann, T.(2013, Nov 22). Golden Investment On The Streets Of New York; Taxi Medallion Value Outpaces Gold And The Dow Jones Industrial Average. Wall Street Journal (Online) Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.proxy.library.cornell.edu/docview/1460803969?accountid=10267，2016年10月12日访问。

[33]See Jeremy P. Toner, The Welfare Effects Of Taxicab Regulation In English Towns,40 Economic Analysis And Policy 299,299-311(2010).

[34]See Rebecca Elaine Elliott, Sharing App Or Regulation Hack (ney): Defining Uber Technologies, Inc.,41 The Journal Of Corporation Law 727,748-749(2016).

[35]See generally J.E.K., Persons Or Corporations Transporting Goods On Public Highways As Common Carrier, Or Private Or Contract Carrier, Regards Liability For Loss Of Or Damage to Goods,112 A.L.R.89§ 1(1938).以下关于美国交通立法的内容，若无特别引注，均出自此文。

[36]47 U.S.C.§ 1001(6)(A).

[37]EMP. DEV. DEP’T, Information Sheet: Taxicab Industry, http://www.edd.ca.gov/pdf_pub_ctr/de231tc.pdf，at 20.

[38]See Catherine Lee Rassman, Regulating Rideshare Without Stifling Innovation: Examining The Drivers, The Insurance “Gap”, And Why Pennsylvania Should Get On Board,15 Pitt. J. Tech. L.& Pol’y 81,91-92(2015).

[39]Bartels v. Birmingham ,332 U.S.126,130(1947).

[40]Anfinson v. FedEx Ground Package Sys., Inc.,174 Wash.2d 851,871,281 P.3d 289,297-298(2012).

[41]See O’Connor v. Uber Technologies, Inc.,2013 WL 6354534, at *9.

[42]Municipality of Anchorage v. Uber Techs., Inc., No.3AN-14-09530 CI,2014 WL 8764776, at *1(Alaska Super. Ct. Oct.13,2014).

[43]See Henry Ross, Ridesharing’s House Of Cards: O’Connor v. Uber Technologies, Inc. And The Viability Of Unber’s Labor Model In Washington,90 Washington Law Review 1431,1438-1441(2015).

[44]See Gary Bolton. Ben Greiner, Axel Ockenfels, Engineering Trust: Reciprocity In The Production Of Reputation Information,59 Management Science 265,265-285(2013).

[45]参见《网约车司机月入过万？七成人收入不足四千》，http://auto.163.com/16/1021/10/C3T40BI7000884NK.html，2017年1月5日访问。

[46]参见《关于调整北京市2016年最低工资标准的通知》，http://www.bjrbj.gov.cn/xxgk/zcfg/201608/t20160810_59158.html，2017年1月5日访问。

[47]参见《网约车司机月入万元成泡影如今勉强3000元》，http://news.sohu.com/20161017/n470423471.shtml，2017年1月5日访问；《滴滴司机：过去半年我为什么不爱接单了》，http://www.chinacqsb.com/xw/sh/2016/04/225220.html，2017年1月5日访问。

[48]参见《滴滴出行：兼职司机不愿签订劳动合同》，http://news.xinhuanet.com/talking/2015-10/28/c_1116961498.htm，2017年1月5日访问。

[49]See Anfinson v. FedEx Ground Package Sys., Inc.,174 Wash.2d 851,871,281 P.3d 289,297-298(2012).

[50]参见王天玉：《经理雇佣合同与委任合同之分辨》，《中国法学》2016年第3期。

[51]参见钟天骐：《比滴滴、快的合并更该反对的是出租车市场垄断》，《中国青年报》2015年3月12日第7版；《滴滴快的合并将在数周内完成》，http://www.ithome.com/html/it/130909.htm，2017年1月6日访问。

[52]参见《网约车车费上涨近1/3不会突破出租车同步费用》，http://finance.huanqiu.com/roll/2016-09/9392300.html，2017年1月6日访问。

[53]参见《滴滴优步合并占领网约车市场90%以上份额》，http://city.ce.cn/news/201608/02/t20160802_4122474.shtml，2017年1月6日访问。

[54]参见《沪500辆出租车加入滴滴专车传统出租车转型新路径？》，http://news.xinhuanet.com/city/2016-05/03/c_128949887.htm，2017年1月6月访问。

[55]参见《北京市网络预约出租汽车经营服务管理实施细则》第五条。

[56]参见《百万元牌照贬值近半：出租车行业内外交困迎变革》，http://auto.cnr.cn/qczcjj/20150527/t20150527_518652932.shtml，2017年1月6日访问。