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徐崇利:利益平衡与对外资间接征收的认定及补偿

信息来源:《环球法律评论》2008年第6期 发布日期:2018-11-14

【注释】

 [1]参见Z. A. Alqurashi, Indirect Expropriation in the Field of Petroleum, The Journal of World Investment&Trade, Vol.5, 2004,p.902。

[2]参见R. Dolzer&F. Bloch, Indirect Expropriation: Conceptual Realignments?, International Law FORUM du droit international,Volume 5,Number3,2003,p. 155。

[3]引自R. Dolzer, Indirect Expropriations: New Developments?, New York University Environmental Law Journal,Vol.11, 2002,p. 65。

[4]参见J. L. Gudofsky, Shedding Light on Article 1110 of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Concerning Expropria-tions:An Environmental Case Study, Northwestern Journal of International Law&Business,Vol. 21,2000, p.259。

[5]详见V. Been&J. C. Beauvais, The Global Fifth Amendment? NAFTA’s Investment Protections and the Misguided Quest for an In-ternational “Regulatory Takings” Doctrine, New York University Law Review,Vol. 78,2003,pp.59-86。

[6]假设,在一块小面积用地上建一座高而窄的政府办公大楼,土地的市场价为100万美元,造价为1000万美元,总成本1100万美元;而在一块大面积用地上建一座低而宽的同样大楼,土地的市场价为300万美元,造价为900万美元,总成本1200万美元。从全社会角度来看,前一种选择是有效率的;但由于土地对政府是免费的,于是,政府就会选择后者。参见R. A. Posner,Economic Analysis of Law, CITIC Publishing House,2003,p.57。

[7]有关成本内化理论及反对意见,详见V. Been & J.C.Beauvais,前引文,第88-100页。

[8]同上,第132-135页。

[9]有关公平理论及反对意见,详见V.Been, Does an International “Regulatory Taking?” , New York University Environmental Law Journal. Vol. l1,2002,pp.59-62。

[10]详见H. R. Fabri, The Approach Taken by the European Court of Human Rights to the Assessment of Compensation for“Regulatory Expropriations” of the Property of Foreign investors, New York University Environmental Law Journal, Vol. 11,2002,pp. 163-165;E. M. Freeman, Regulatory Expropriation under NAFTA Chapter 11:Some Lessons from the European Court of Human Rights, Co-lumbia Journal of Transnational Law, Vol.42,2003,pp.199-200; G. H. Sampliner, Arbitration of Expropriation Cases under U.S. Investment Treaties-A Threat to Democracy or the Dog that Didn’t Bark, ICSID Review-Foreign Investment Law Journal, Vol. 18,2003,pp. 21-22。

[11]详见U. Kriebaum, Regulatory Takings: Balancing the Interests of the Investor and the State, The Journal of World Investment&Trade, Vol.8,2007 ,pp. 724-729。

[12]详见J. L. Gudofsky,前引文,第266 - 269页。

[13]参见L. Y. Fortier&S. L. Drymer, Indirect Expropriation in the Law of International Investment:I Know It When I See It, or Caveat Investor, ICSID Review-Foreign Investment Law Journal, Vol. 19,2004, p.309。

[14]参见K. A. Byrne, Regulatory Expropriation and State Intent, Annuaire Canadien de Droit International, 2000, pp.90-91,94。

[15]详见V. Heiskanen, The Doctrine of Indirect Expropriation in Light of the Practice of the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal, The Journal of World Investment&Trade. Vol.8,2007,pp. 215-231。

[16]“第6条第1款中所指的情况是间接征收,是指缔约一方采取与直接征收具有相同效果的但未正式转移所有权或全部没收的一项或一系列行为。(1)对于在特定事实情形下缔约一方采取的一项或一系列行为是否构成间接征收的认定,应考虑以下以及其他因素,根据案情采取逐案分析的方法:(i)该政府行为的经济影响,虽然仅凭缔约一方采取的一项或一系列行为对投资经济价值所产生的负面影响,并不足以断定征收已经发生;(ii)该政府行为对明确的、合理的投资期待的干预程度;以及(iii)该政府行为的性质。(2)除非在极少的情形下,缔约一方旨在保护合法的公共福利之目标(诸如公众健康、安全和环境等)而制定并适用的非歧视措施,不构成间接征收。”

[17]详见U. Kriebaum,前引文,第733页。

[18]例如,在土地征收案中,被征收的土地权利应当是一种“权利束”,不能把其中的一种权能剥离出来,独自依这部分权利的受损程度来决定间接征收是否发生。现假设一土地的通行权受到了政府的限制,要看对该通行权的限制是否达到了剥夺所有人对该土地全部权利的“实质部分”程度,来判断间接征收是否存在;而不能把通行权分割出来,认为只要政府的行为对该部分通行权的限制达到了实质程度,就构成对该土地的间接征收。

[19]参见M. J. Radin, The Liberal Conception of Property: Cross Currents in the Jurisprudence of Takings, Columbia Law Review, Vol.88,1988,pp. 1674-1678。

[20]详见S. Fietta, Expropriation and the “Fair and Equitable” Standard—The Developing Role of Investors’“Expectation” in Interna-tional Investment Arbitration, Journal of International Arbitration, Vol. 23,2006,pp. 375-376,378-385, 391-399。

[21]参见J. M. Wagner, International Investment, Expropriation and Environmental Protection, Golden Gate University Law Review, Vol.29, 1999, p.537。

[22]详见E. M. Freeman,前引文,第195-199页;H. R. Fabri,前引文,第158页。

[23]引自V. Lowe, Regulation or Expropriation?, Current Legal Problems, Vol. 55, 2002, p. 464。

[24]例如,当外国投资者因自身原因面临经营危机时,可能会想方设法激怒东道国政府,以诱使它们对其采取管理措施,然后主张这些管理措施构成间接征收,要求赔偿。

[25]引自N. Horn & S. Kroll eds. , Arbitrating Foreign Investment Disputes, Kluwer Law International, 2004, p.146.

[26]详见A. S. Weiner, Indirect Expropriations:The Need foraTaxonomy of“Legitimate” Regulatory Purposes, International Law Fo-rum, Vol.5,No. 3,2003,pp. 172-175。

[27]参见M. Sornarajah, The International Law on Foreign Investment, 2nd ed.,Cambridge University Press, 2004, p. 347。

[28]参见H. Sedigh, What Level of Host State Interference Amounts to a Taking under Contemporary International Law, The Journal of World Investment, Vol. 2,2001,p. 641。

[29]参见H. Mountfield, Regulatory Expropriations in Europe: The Approach of the European Court of Human Rights, New York University Environmental Law Journal, Vol. 11 ,2002 ,p. 146。

[30]详见U. Kriebaum,前引文,第719 -720、729-744页;J. J. Coe&N. Rubins, Regulatory Expropriation and the Teemed Case:Context and Contributions, in T. Weiler ed.,International Investment Law and Arbitration, Cameron May, 2005,p.619。

[31]参见N. Rubins&N. S. Kinsella, International Investment, Political Risk and Dispute Resolution: A Practitioner’sGuide, Oxford University Press,2005,p. 181;C. McLachlan QC,L. Shore&M. W einiger, International Investment Arbitration:Substantive Princi-ples, Oxford University Press, 2007,p. 332。

[32]详见P. E. Comeaux&N. S. Kinsella, Protecting Foreign Investment under International Law: Legal Aspects of Political Risk,Oceans, 1996, pp.86-87。

[33]详见T. W. Merrill, Incomplete Compensation for Takings, New York University Environmental Law Journal, Vol. 11,2002,pp.110-135。

[34]详见H. R. Fabri,前引文,第165-173页。

[35]参见OECD, International Investment Law: A Changing Landscape, Chapter 2, “Indirect Expropriation” and “Right to Regulate” in International Investment Law(prepared by C. Yannaca-Small),2005,pp.45,71-72。

[36]参见E. M. Freeman,前引文,第201-202页。

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