【注释】
*上海交通大学凯原法学院教授、博士生导师
基金项目:上海高校特聘教授(东方学者)岗位计划资助项目
[1][英]霍布斯:《利维坦》,黎思复、黎廷弼译,商务印书馆1985年版,第1页。本文在引用该译本时将原著中的art的译法做了改动。译本中的“艺术”容易被理解为音乐、绘画等人文艺术,而原文中的art则指人借以改造自然的一切技艺,包括但不限于我们称之为“技术”而不是“艺术”的那些手段。因此,本文将它改译为“技艺”。
[2][英]霍布斯:《利维坦》,黎思复、黎廷弼译,商务印书馆1985年版,第28页。
[3]参见[美]克雷格·文特尔:《生命的未来:从双螺旋到合成生命》,贾拥民译,浙江人民出版社2016年版,第189~196页。
[4]参见[美]佩德罗·多明戈斯:《终极算法:机器学习和人工智能如何重塑世界》,黄芳萍译,中信出版集团2017年版,第156~181页。
[5] Thomas Henry Huxley, Selected Works of Thomas H. Huxley, J. B. Alden, 1886,p.339.
[6]韩大元:《当代科技发展的宪法界限》,《法治现代化研究》2018年第5期。
[7] See Sheila Jasanoff, Introduction: Rewriting Life, Reframing Rights, in Sheila Jasonoff ed.,Reframing Rights: Bioconstitutional-ism in the Genetic Age, MIT Press, 2011,p.2.
[8] See Adrian Vermeule, The Constitution of Risk, Cambridge University Press, 2014.
[9] Cass R. Sunstein, Risk and Reason: Safety, Law, and the Environment, Cambridge University Press, 2002,p.viii.
[10] See Cass R. Sunstein, Risk and Reason: Safety, Law, and the Environment, Cambridge University Press, 2002,pp.5-6.
[11] See Adrian Vermeule, The Constitution of Risk, Cambridge University Press, 2014,pp.164-165.
[12]参见韩大元:《当代科技发展的宪法界限》,《法治现代化研究》2018年第5期。
[13]参见刘长秋:《“基因编辑婴儿事件”与生命法学之证成》,《东方法学》2019年第1期。
[14]参见王康:《人类基因编辑实验的法律规制》,《东方法学》2019年第1期。
[15]张小罗、刘登高:《论基因权利的法理基础》,《湖南大学学报》(社会科学版)2017年第4期。
[16]参见张小罗:《制定我国〈基因安全法〉的重点与难点》,《政治与法律》2018年第11期。
[17] See Philip Ball, Schr?dinger’s Cat among Biology’s Pigeons: 75Years of What Is Life?,560Nature, 548-550(2018).
[18][奥]埃尔温·薛定谔:《生命是什么》,罗来鸥、罗辽复译,湖南科学技术出版社2003年,第20页。
[19]关于这个发现的过程,参见[美]詹姆斯·沃森:《双螺旋》,贾拥民译,浙江人民出版社2017年版。
[20]就在本文收尾之时,《科学》杂志刊登了一篇新文章,其中报道了科学家在迄今为止“书写生命”的四个字母之外又人工创造出四个新字母(S、B、P、Z)。这些新字母像自然的DNA语言一样能够用来储存和书写生命信息,因此可能创造出自然界未曾出现出的生命形态。这再一次向我们展示了生命科学正以何种惊人的速度向着何种难以意料的方向发展。See Shuichi Hoshika et al.,Hachimoji DNA andRNA: A Genetic System with Eight Building Blocks, 363Science, 884-887(2019).《自然》杂志对这项研究做了更为通俗易懂的报道,See Matthew Warren, Life’s Genetic Alphabet Doubled, 566Nature, 436(2019)。
[21] See Sheila Jasonoff ed.,Reframing Rights: Bioconstitutionalism in the Genetic Age, MIT Press, 2011,p.2.
[22]关于人类基因组的工作历程,参见[美]悉达多·穆吉克:《基因传:众生之源》,马向涛译,中信出版集团2018年版,第328~352页。
[23] See International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium, Initial Sequencing and Analysis of Human Genome, 409Nature, 860-921(2001);J. Craig Winter, The Sequence of the Human Genome, 291Science, 1304-1351(2001).
[24]参见[英]马特·里德利:《基因组:人类自传》,李南哲译,机械工业出版社2015年版,第vi页。
[25] Craig Winter, The Sequence of the Human Genome, 291Science, 1305(2001).
[26] See Fergus J. Couch et al.,Two Decades After BRCA: Setting Paradigms in Personalized Cancer Care and Prevention, 343Sci-ence, 1466(2014);Mary-Claire King, “The Race” to Clone BRCA1,343Science, 1462(2014).
[27] David Baltimore et al.,A Prudent Path Forward for Genomic Engineering and Germline Gene Modification, 348Science, 36(2015).
[28] See M. Jinek, K. Chylinski, I. Fonfara, M. Hauer, J. A. Doudna, and E. Charpentier, A Programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA Endonuclease in Adaptative Bacterial Immunity, 337Science, 816-821(2012).
[29] See L. Cong, F. A. Ran, D. Cox, S. Lin, R. Barretto, N. Habib, P. D. Hsu, X. Wu, W. Jiang, L. A. Marraffini, and F.Zhang, Multiplex Genome Engineering Using CRISPR/Cas Systems, 339Science, 819-822(2013).
[30] E. S. Lander, The Heroes of CRISPR, 164Cell, 18(2016).
[31]参见王立铭:《上帝的手术刀:基因编辑简史》,浙江人民出版社2017年版,第70页。
[32]蒂莫西·雷·布朗虽然是个美国人,但他是在德国接受骨髓移植并获得治愈的,因此被称为“柏林病人”。最近,世界上第二例获得完全治愈的艾滋病人获得媒体关注,这位病人被称为“伦敦病人”。他在罹患艾滋病后又患了另一种致命疾病:霍奇金淋巴瘤。他于2016年5月在伦敦接受骨髓移植手术,骨髓捐献者也是带有CCR5变异的人士。手术后他的艾滋病被治愈。See Apoorva Mandavilli, H. I. V.is Reported Cured in a Second Patient, a Milestone in the Global AIDS Epidemic, New York Times, March 4,2019;Matthew Warren, Second Patient Free HIV after Stem Cell Therapy, https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-00798-3,2019-03-07。
[33]尽管人民网随后删除了这篇报道,但报道全文仍可在一些重要门户网站找到,且都注明来自人民网。参见《人民网:世界首例免疫艾滋病的基因编辑婴儿在中国诞生》,https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1618177643744364383&wfr=spider&for=pc, 2019-03-05。
[34]参见《122位科学家联合声明:强烈遣责“基因编辑婴儿”》,http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2018-11-26/doc-ihmutuec3825023.shtml, 2019-01-02。
[35]肖思思、李雄鹰:《广东初步查明“基因编辑婴儿事件”》,http://www.xinhuanet.com/local/2019-01/21/c_1124020517.htm, 2019-01-05。
[36]《中共科学技术部党组关于以习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想为指导凝心聚力决胜进入创新型国家行列的意见》[国科党组发(2019)1号]。
[37] See Max Weber, Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology, edited by Guenther Roth and Clause Wittich, University of California Press, 1968,pp.215-216.
[38] See Max Weber, Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology, edited by Guenther Roth and Clause Wittich, University of California Press, 1968,p.280.
[39] See Max Weber, Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology, edited by Guenther Roth and Clause Wittich, University of California Press, 1968,p.225.
[40] Max Weber, Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology, edited by Guenther Roth and Clause Wittich, University of California Press, 1968,p.225.
[41] Ulrich Beck, Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity, translated by Mark Ritter, Sage Publications, 1992,p.155.
[42] Ulrich Beck, Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity, translated by Mark Ritter, Sage Publications, 1992,p.234.
[43]关于基因科学及其技术应用如何演变为一个利润极为丰厚的产业,以及美国政府如何利用法律和规制手段设计来引导这个领域的研究与开发,让它为美国经济发展提供新动力,See Sally Smith Hughes, Making Money out of DNA: The First Major Patent in Biotech-nology and the Commercialization of Molecular Biology, 1974-1980,92Isis, 541-575(2001)。据媒体披露,贺建奎是6家公司的法定代表人,其中他创办并担任董事长的瀚海基因生物科技有限公司于2018年4月完成A轮融资,获资2.18亿元。参见马婧、陈维城:《“商人”贺建奎的基因生意》,《新京报》2018年11月27日。
[44] See WMA Declaration of Helsinki-ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects, https://www.wma.net/policies-post/wma-declaration-of-helsinki-ethical-principles-for-medical-research-involving-human-subjects, 2019-02-06。
[45] Paul Berg, David Baltimore, et al.,Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA Molecules, 88Science, New Series, 991-994(1975).
[46] See Priska Gisler and Monika Kurath, Paradise Lost?“Science” and “the Public” after Asilomar, 36Science, Technology, &Hu-man Values, 213-243(2011).
[47] See David Baltimore et al.,A Prudent Path Forward for Genomic Engineering and Germline Gene Modification, 348Science, 36-38(2015).
[48] See The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Human Genome Editing: Science, Ethics, and Governance, The National Academies Press, 2017.
[49] See Nuffield Council on Bioethics, Genome Editing and Human Reproduction, Social and Ethical Issues, 2018.
[50] See David Baltimore et al.,A Prudent Path Forward for Genomic Engineering and Germline Gene Modification, 348Science, 18(2015).
[51] Nuffield Council on Bioethics, Genome Editing and Human Reproduction: Social and Ethical Issues, 2018,p.vii.
[52] See Amanda Warren Jones, Realising New Health Technologies: Problems of Regulating Human Stem Cells in the USA, 20Medi-cal Law Review, 540-575(2012);这种模式为许多国家所移植,关于“机构内置审查委员会”(IRB)在新加坡的发展,See Tracy Evans Chan, Legal and Regulatory Responses to Innovative Treatment, 21Medical Law Review, 92-130(2013)。
[53] Ulrich Beck, Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity, translated by Mark Ritter, Sage Publications, 1992,p.212.
[54] David Cyranoski, What’s Next for CRISPR Babies, 56Nature, 440(2019).
[55] Ulrich Beck, Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity, translated by Mark Ritter, Sage Publications, 1992,p.211.
[56]该机构的官方网址是https://www.ccne-ethique.fr/,其每年的年度报告是了解生命伦理学动态的极好资料。
[57] Loi n°2004-800du 6aot 2004relativeàla bioéthique, Journal Officiel de la République franaise, 7aot 2004,p.14040;Loi n°2011-814du 7juillet 2011relativeàla bioéthique, Journal Officiel de la République franaise, 8juillet 2011,p.11826.
[58] See Renée C. Fox, Judith P. Swazey, Observing Bioethics, Oxford University Press, 2008,pp.234-235.
[59] Jerry L. Mashaw, Reasoned Administration and Democratic Legitimacy: How Administrative Law Supports Democratic Govern-ment, Cambridge University Press, 2018,p.15.
[60] See Jerry L. Mashaw, Reasoned Administration and Democratic Legitimacy: How Administrative Law Supports Democratic Gov-ernment, Cambridge University Press, 2018,p.131.
[61] See Jerry L. Mashaw, Reasoned Administration and Democratic Legitimacy: How Administrative Law Supports Democratic Gov-ernment, Cambridge University Press, 2018,p.82.
[62] See Chevron U. S. A. Inc.v. NRDC, 467U. S.837,843-844(1984).
[63] Blake Emerson, Administrative Answers to Major Questions: On the Democratic Legitimacy of Agency Statutory Interpretation, 102Minnesota Law Review, 2019(2019).
[64]这一教义(或权威原则)是由美国联邦最高法院在以下几个判例中提出的。King v. Burwell, 135S. Ct.2480,2489(2015);Util. Air Regulatory Grp.v. EPA, 134S. Ct.2427,2444(2014);FDA v. Brown &Williamson Tobacco Corp.,529U. S.120,147(2000).
[65] Charles Forster, Human Dignity in Bioethics and Law, Hart Publishing, 2011,p.1.
[66] See Ruth Macklin, Dignity is a Useless Concept, 327British Medical Journal, 1419-1420(2003).
[67] Kahn, J.,The CRISPR Quandry, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/15/magazine/the-crispr-quandary.html?emc=et a, 2019-03-01.
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